The Debt Situation Amongst Of Malaysian - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4556 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Debt is an increasing social problem in most of the countries today, included those developed countries, for instance, United States. According to the statistics from the Federal Reserve, it indicates that the total amount of consumer credit outstanding in the United States in December 2010 is approximately $2.4 trillion. In other words, every man, woman, and child that lives here in the United States has to bear nearly a $7,800 debt since 2010 Census recorded that the residential population of the United States was 308,745,538 on April 1, 2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Debt Situation Amongst Of Malaysian" essay for you Create order In addition, the Federal Reserveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statistics also indicates that the household debt service ratio (DSR) of the United States is at 11.9%, which means that each consumer has to spend approximately 12% of their disposable personal income to make payment on outstanding mortgage and consumer debt. In Malaysia, the latest household debt level is RM 577 billion and stands at 74.5 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP). Bank Negara Malaysia Governor, Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In our assessment at this point, the borrowing by households has been on a prudential level but we dont want to wait till we do have problems.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Business Times 2011, 20 January). A specially designed financial capability program POWER (Pengurusan Wang Ringgit Anda) has been launched which targeted the young individuals and new borrowers in order to aid them to manage their finance effectively. Cosma and Pattarin (2010) have expressed that consumer debt is those debts arisen when the creditor does not fulfill the assumed obligations, this without his or the creditor will. US Legal (2011) also defines consumer credit as debt incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose. In fact, there is a distinction between consumer debt and consumer credit. Consumer credit is defined in the different countries as credit obtained to finance any purchase other than property (Gurdia, 2002). Consumer credit is a broad term comprising all kinds of installment credit as well as non-installment credit except mortgage debt (mostly loans for real estate secured by real estate) (Kamleitner Kirchler, 2007). Therefore, home equity loans which are used for other purposes than real estate, but secured by a lien on a home also fall under the definition of consumer credit. Although there is a clarification between these two terms, the term of consumer debt will be use d synonymous to consumer credit in this article. Yet, consumer debt is also known as household debt. Debt has bring along with a number of social troubles, for example, relationship breakdown, divorcing, filing for bankruptcy, committing suicide due to unable to get out of the spiral debt situation. Besides, there are a lot of people suffering psychological consequences of debt, such as stress, depression, anxiety, mental health problem, high blood pressure and heart attack. Therefore, it is important to get to understand the reason why people get involved in consumer debt. 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Table 1.1: Household Indicators 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Household debt RM 395.5 billions RM 429.5 billions RM 472.1 billions RM 516.6 billions RM 581.3 billions Household debt to GDP ratio 68.8% 66.9% 63.7% 76.0% 75.9% Source: Financial Stability and Payment Systems, Bank Negara Malaysia As the table above shown, the household debt level is increasing each year and there is an upward trend starting from the year of 2006 till 2010. Besides, the household debt to GDP ratio also broke the 70 percent after 2008 and today the ratio is stands 74.5 percent. There is a contradiction between maintaining the health of economy of nation and reducing the level of consumer debt. A nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP is often used as a measurement of the health of its economy. Consumer debt begins to negatively affect the health of the nation when it forces consumers to spend less (Howstuffworks, 2011). There is also the existence of some other contributors that make the consumer debt problem worse, such as democratization of credit, easy accessibility of credit, and governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s encouragement of homeownership. The best example of relaxation of credit constraint is credit card. Before the Asian crisis in 1997, credit cards applicants must earn a minimum annual income of RM24, 000 and are in active employment for three months when application for credit card is submitted. After the Asian crisis in 1997, the Bank Negara Malaysia (central bank of Malaysia) relaxed the income requirement to a minimum of RM18, 000 per annum to helped ease liquidity problems among the consumers (Cheu Loke, 2008) before the new measures on credit card has been released on 18th March 2011 which will be effective on 1st January 2012. Besides, before the new credit card interest structure has been effective on 1st April 2011, credit cardholders only has to make the minimum payment required, which is 5% of total outstanding balance or RM 50 whichever is higher by the payment due date. Late payment charges of a minimum amount of RM5 or 1% total outstanding balance as at statement date, whichever is higher, capped to a maximum of RM50 per account. Moreover, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“buy today, pay later lifestyleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is almost a fact of life. Through credit cards, consumers are now able to gain easy access to credit which previously was not possible (Cheu Loke, 2008). Besides, the advent of telephone and internet-banking, and the availability of credit at the point of purchase have increased the accessibility of consumer credit and the speed with which loans can be obtained (Brown, Garino, Taylor Price, 2004). In addition, according to the 2011 Budget Speech, the government empathizes with the citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need to own affordable houses, particularly the poor and low-income group. Therefore, the government introduced Skim Rumah Pertamaku through Cagamas Berhad by providing a 100 percent loan which gets rid of the 10 percent down payment for those with household income less than RM3, 000 per month. Yet, the government also gives stamp duty exemption of 50 percent on instruments of transfer on a house price not exceeding RM 350, 000 for those first-time house buyers. In line with the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to promote home ownership, banks, based on their capacity and business strategy, are encouraged or required to offer housing loans, especially to low income borrowers (Endut Toh, 2009). In order to prevent more and more consumers getting into debt trouble, it is essential to be able to determine the factors that contribute to the debt involvement of people. There are many factors have been identified in previous studies in predicting the level of debt and debt behavior, for instance, demographic, psychological, and attitudinal but the effect of the factors on debt forming yield unclear and heterogeneous results. This is due to the reasons of lacking of clearness of measurement, different kinds of debt being focused, and different populations being concerned (Wang, Lu Malhotra, 2011). Furthermore, there is a limited range of nations has been found in the debt-related studies, especially Asian countries which included Malaysia. Thus, more representative samples are needed to examine whether previous result are applicable across various nations and cultures. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES There are several objectives of this study are developed as following: To investigate the debt situation amongst of Malaysian To determine the factors that affect the involvement of people in debt To assist government and financial institutions in reducing and preventing indebtedness of people To improve consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ awareness regard the debt and increase their financial literacy in making financial decision. 1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY The study of factors that influence people holding debts as well as getting themselves involve into the indebtedness situation is important. Through this study, the government might be benefit by understanding the understanding the real debt situation that Malaysian currently facing. It helps the government to formulate proper and quick actions towards the debt and credit problems in order to solve it. In addition, this study also contributes to private sector like the financial institutions. It lets the financial institutions to get to know that loosening their lending criteria and making the credit more easily available to consumers not only would result in indebtedness and bankruptcy amongst the borrowers, but also would cause enormous losses for lenders. Yet, it aids the financial institutions to develop and provide better products and services (loans and credits). Moreover, this study also benefit consumers who already in debt and those going to be in debt. According to Kempson and Whyley (1999b), knowledge of financial products was often remarkably low, and this rendered people especially vulnerable to mis-selling, and deterred them from taking up financial product in the first place. This reflects the current situation that consumers today having. Therefore, via this study, it is important for consumers to equip themselves with financial education and financial literacy skills in order to avoid themselves from making irrational financial decisions. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 OVERVIEW Credit is the privilege of being able to borrow money without having to pay it back immediately. It allows people to spend now and pay later over time (Livestrong.com, 2011). In macroeconomics perspective, consumer debt occurs when credit is used for funding consumption purposes instead of investment purposes. In other words, what has been purchased no longer has long-term financial benefits and indirectly creates outstanding consumer credit which means consumer debt. Based on past research, there are a number of factors have been identified in predicting the debt status of people, for instance, demographic, psychological, and attitudinal variables. It is found that six determinants have a significant impact on consumer debt taking. The determinants are: (1) demographic variables (Adcock, Hirschman Goldstucker, 1977; Lea, Webley Walker, 1995; Watson, 1998; Chien Devaney,2001; Kim Devaney, 2001; Grable Joo, 2004; Lyons, 2004; Jones, 2005; Perry Morris, 2005; Yilmazer Devaney, 2005; Norvilitis, Osberg, Young, Merwin, Roehling Kamaz, 2006; Borden, Lee, Serido Collins, 2008; Robb Sharpe, 2009; Wang, Lu Malhotra, 2011), (2) locus of control (Davies Lea, 1995; Lea et al., 1995; Busseri, Lefcourt Kerton, 1998; Norvilitis, Szablicki Wilson, 2003; Perry Morris, 2005; Mewse et al., 2010), (3) debt attitude (Davies Lea, 1995; Walker, 1996; Watson, 1998; Boddington Kemp, 1999; Chien Devaney, 2001; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Borden et al., 2008 ; Wang et al., 2011), (4) materialism (Walker, 1996; Watson, 1998 2003; Lee and Lee, 2001/2002; Norvilitis et al., 2006), (5) financial knowledge (Grable Joo, 2004; Lyons Scherpf, 2004; Jones, 2005; Perry Morris, 2005; Lyons, Chang and Scherpf, 2006; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Borden et al, 2008; Robb Sharpe, 2009), and (6) Impulsivity (Boddington Kemp, 1999; Norvilitis et al., 2003; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Wang Xiao, 2009; Wang et al., 2011) 2.1 INVOVLEMENT IN DEBT Indebtedness has been defined as the state of being indebted, without regard to ability or inability to pay the debt (Wordnik, 2011). People often get themselves into various forms of consumer debt, such as credit card debt, housing loans, study loans, auto loans and personal loans with different purposes, value of loan, repayment period and interest rates. There were different kinds of debts being focused by researches, which included consumer debt (Lea et al, 1995; Walker, 1996; Lee Lee, 2001/2002; Watson, 2003; Yilmazer Devaney, 2005; Mewse et al., 2010), student debt (Davies Lea, 1995; Watson, 1998; Boddington Kemp, 1999), credit card debt (Adcock et al., 1977; Chien Devaney, 2001; Kim Devaney, 2001; Norvilitis et al., 2003; Jones, 2005; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Robb Sharpe, 2009; Wang Xiao, 2009; Wang et al., 2011). Studies that related indebtedness to the consumer financial behavior (Busseri et al., 1998; Perry Morris, 2005; Borden et al., 2008) and financial risk tolerance (Grable Joo, 2004) were also carried out. 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE 2.2.1 Age There was a negative relationship between age and use of credit card (Adcock et al., 1977) Similarly, Jones (2005) showed age was the only significant predictor of credit or charge card debt and number of credit or charge cards held, with older students having higher levels of debt and more credit or charge card than younger students. These findings were also supported by the researches that conducted by Watson (1998) and Norvilitis et al. (2006) who also reported that age was the significant predictors of debt and indebtedness. In contrary, Grable and Joo (2004) found that age was not significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of age on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about age is developed as following: H1: There is a significant effect on age towards debt taking of people. 2.2.2 Gender Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to be women. Previous study by Lyons (2004) suggested that females had a greater likelihood of being delinquent on their cards as compared with males. Conversely, Robb and Sharpe (2009) showed that there were no significant differences in credit card balance behavior based on gender. Same finding had been found by Norvilitis et al. (2006) and Grable and Joo (2004), gender was not the significant predictors of debt and significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of gender on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about gender is developed as following: H2: There is a significant effect on gender towards debt taking of people. 2.2.3 Education The study of Chien and Devaney (2001) showed the results as that households headed by someone who with more education were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances. This finding was supported by Grable and Joo (2004) who found that there was significantly related to financial risk tolerance and was associated positively with risk tolerance. Since the influence of education on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about education is developed as following: H3: There is a significant effect on education towards debt taking of people. 2.2.4 Marital Status The results gained by Chien and Devaney (2001) suggest that households headed by someone who was married would be more likely to have higher installment loans and outstanding credit card balances. Homogeneous finding has been reached by Yilmazer and Devaney (2005) married individuals were more likely to hold debt than single individuals and Wang et al. (2011) people who were married were used revolving credit more often. There was a significant relationship between marital status and financial risk tolerance (Grable Joo, 2004). In addition, Robb and Sharpe (2009) also reported that although marital status had no significant influence on the likelihood of revolving a credit card balance, married individuals were noted as carrying larger log balances as compared with single individuals. These findings are largely supported by prior studies, as both Lyons (2004) and Jones (2005) noted higher levels of debt among married college students, all else equal. Since the influence of marital status on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about marital status is developed as following: H4: There is a significant effect on marital status towards debt taking of people. 2.2.5 Employment Status Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, reported that debtors were more likely to be employed part-time, to be housewives or to be unemployed rather than employed full time or retired. Similarly, Robb and Sharpe (2009) found that employed students were more likely to revolve a credit card balance, though the level of the log balance they revolved was not significantly different from those who did not work. But heterogeneous result has been found. Employed students were no more likely to report engaging in more effective financial behaviors compared to students who were not employed (Borden et al., 2008) Since the influence of employment status on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about employment status is developed as following: H5: There is a significant effect on employment status towards debt taking of people. 2.2.6 Income There was a positive relationship between income and responsible financial management behavior (Perry Morris, 2005). Yet, Kim and Devaney (2001) also claimed that disposable income was positively related to the amount of debt. Same results happened on the research of Grable and Joo (2004) household were significantly related to financial risk tolerance and were associated positively with risk tolerance. Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to be in low income groups. Similarly, later research by Chien and Devaney (2001) also suggested that households headed by someone who with lower income were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances Since the influence of income on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about income is developed as following: H6: There is a significant effect on income towards debt taking of people. 2.2.7 Household Size People whose children were older than six were used revolving credit more often because they had to support both a young child (Wang et al., 2011). Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to have more children in their households. The finding was supported by Chien and Devaney (2001). In their study, the results suggested that households headed by someone who with a larger household were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances. Since the influence of household size on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about household size is developed as following: H7: There is a significant effect on household size towards debt taking of people. 2.2.8 Home Ownership Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, reported that debtors were more likely to rent their homes rather than owning them outright. Same finding had been found by Chien and Devaney (2001). In their study, the results suggested that households headed by someone who were renters would be more likely to have higher installment loans. But on the other hand, Grable and Joo (2004) showed home ownership was not significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of home ownership on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about home ownership is developed as following: H8: There is a significant effect on home ownership towards debt taking of people. 2.3 LOCUS OF CONTROL According to Cosma and Pattarin (2010), locus of control is related to the perception of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own capacity of controlling the events of life. Internal locus of control identifies the perception of the capacity of controlling events, that is, the belief that situations and results of personal events depend upon decisions and capacities of the individual. Vice-versa, external locus of control concerns the perception that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s events depend upon external factors, often perceived as random and, however, not significantly dependent upon the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions or will. There is an existence of several researches on the impact of locus of control on debt behavior, but the results are not always comes out to be inconsistent. Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals who owed money to a public utility company, found that no significant difference between locus of control and attitudes toward debt but Wang et al. (2011) found that locus of control was negatively related to the frequency of revolving credit use. On the other hand, Davies and Lea (1995) also found that locus of control has no significant association between locus of control and levels of debts, but did report that external locus of control was significantly correlated with a tolerant attitude to debt, which in turn was related to debt same as the finding of Mewse et al. (2010) a significant effect of locus of control on attitude. In addition, Norvilitis et al. (2003) reported that locus of control was generally related to attitudes toward money as it was expected at the beginning of the research that the students with more external locus of control will report higher levels of credit card debt. Perry and Morris (2005) also reported a same result as the coefficient on the external locus of control and financial management behavior is significant and negative. Yet, Busseri et al. (1998) also found that the relatively more internal their consumer locus of control scale scores, the more likely were subjects to be planful and purposive in the act of shopping. The more external the consumer locus of control scores, the less likely was subjects to be knowledgeable, thoughtful, and willing to exert themselves when purchasing consumer goods. Since the influence of locus of control on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about locus of control is developed as following: H9: There is a significant effect on locus of control towards debt taking of people. 2.4 DEBT ATTITUDE There is a widespread view that attitudes to debt have changed radically during the Twentieth Century, with a shift from general abhorrence of debt to acceptance of credit as a part of a modern consumer society (Lea et al., 1995). There are several studies had been conducted which pointed out the significant role of financial attitudes in debt holding. These included research of Davies and Lea in 1995 which reported that higher levels of debt in college students were related to greater tolerance of debt. The authors also found that college students accumulate debt because they believe that their current financial situation is temporary. This was because they have greater expectations on their income after graduating and debt will decrease. Similarly, Watson (1998) also reported that attitude toward debt was one of the significant predictors of indebtedness. Besides, Walker (1996) also found that attitude towards credit and debt was significant linked with debt and financial management which is similar to the later study, for instance, Boddington and Kemp (2005) who also indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between attitude to debt and the amount of debt people actually had. Thus, higher debt levels were accompanied by greater tolerance of debt. Same result had also been obtained by other researchers Chien and Devaney (2001) which reported that those with favorable specific attitudes toward credit were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances and Borden et al. (2008) which showed that studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with avoidant attitudes toward credit cards were less likely to engage in risky financial behaviors. But not all the authors concur. Norvilitis et al. (2006) found heterogeneous results. In their findings, student tolerance attitude towards debt was not significant predictors of debt. Since the influence of debt attitudes on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about debt attitudes is developed as following: H10: There is a significant effect on debt attitudes towards debt taking of people. 2.5 MATERIALISM Belk (1984) defines materialism as the importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions. At the highest levels of materialism, such possessions assume a central place in a persons life and are believed to provide the greatest sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in life either directly or indirectly. Watson (1998) demonstrated that the spending tendency scores were significantly higher for respondents with high levels of materialism compared to respondents with low levels of materialism. The author also reported the same result in his study later in 2003. The highly materialistic respondents had attitudes which were significantly more favorable toward debt than respondent with low levels of materialism. Although highly materialistic people had larger amounts of debt than people with low levels of materialism, no significant differences were found between the two groups (Watson, 1998). Yet, the author also reported that materialism was not a significant predictor in indebtedness. In the study of 2003, Walker resulted that high levels of materialism have more favorable attitudes toward borrowing money than individuals with low levels of materialism. Besides, he also found that people with high levels of materialism are more likely to exhibit behaviors consistent with positive attit udes toward debt use of installment credit and outstanding debt. Study about materialism was also carried out by Lee and Lee (2001/2002) which demonstrated that consumers approval of the use of credit for luxury purchases is an important indicator of their level of indebtedness. Similar result had been obtained by Walker (1996) in his study which showed that materialism was significant linked with both debt and financial management. Conversely, Norvilitis et al. (2003) found heterogeneous finding materialism was not the significant predictor of debt. Since the influence of materialism on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about materialism is developed as following: H11: There is a significant effect on materialism towards debt taking of people. 2.6 FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE According to Investopedia (2011), financial literacy (is assumed synonymous to the term of financial knowledge in this article) is defined as the possession of knowledge and understanding of financial matters. Financial knowledge can be gained through formal education, seminars, and informal sources such as from parents, friends, and work as well as through negative personal experience. In a series of studies, Lyons and Scherpf (2004) and Lyons, Chang and Scherpf (2006) that advocated financial literacy education which can aid in cultivating consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial knowledge, found that more knowledgeable about personal finance consumers will make more responsible financial behaviors. There are also the other researchers concur Perry and Morris (2005) demonstrated that individuals with higher levels of financial knowledge are more likely to engage in responsible financial management behavior and he coefficient on financial knowledge was significant and positive. Consistent to prior research, Norvilitis (2006) found that lack of financial knowledge was one of the significant predictors of debt. Same finding had been obtained by Grable and Joo (2004) who found that financial knowledge was significantly related to financial risk tolerance. But in the findings of Robb and Sharpe (2009) which investigated student credit card debt found that even students with higher levels of financial knowledge had significantly higher credit card balances. In addition, Jones (2005) demonstrated that there was not a significant relationship between credit knowledge and use of credit among college student. Students who had higher levels of debt or access to credit or charge cards were not significantly more or less knowledgeable about credit. Similarly, Borden et al. (2008) also indicated that financial knowledge was not a significant predictor of either effective financial behaviors or risky financial behaviors. Therefore, it appears that simply having knowledge about effective financial practices may not translate into consistent prudent behaviors. Since the influence of financial knowledge on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about financial knowledge is developed as following: H12: There is a significant effect on financial knowledge towards debt taking of people. 2.7 IMPULSIVITY Impulse buying is an immediate experience, often concurrent with a feeling of excitement and urgency. It compels a consumer to buy a product at that moment instead of cautiously contemplating a purchase. It is different from unplanned buying because it involves an experiential urge to buy. An impulse comes on as a sudden urge that drives a person to a certain behavior, such as buying an item instantly without thought and without delay. Yet, impulse buying also comes from an acute loss of control when shopping (Wang and Xiao, 2009). Norvilitis et al. (2006) found that delay of gratification (supposedly indicating impulse buying) was the significant predictor of debt. Another research that was studied by Wang et al. (2011) found that self-control and deferring gratification were negatively related to the frequency of revolving credit use, but impulsiveness was related to. Besides, impulsiveness was positively related with the frequency of petty installment use while deferring gratification was negatively related to. Impulsivity was generally related to attitudes toward money as it was expected at the beginning of the research that the students with higher levels of impulsivity will report higher levels of credit card debt (Norvilitis et al., 2003). In the contrary, Wang and Xiao (2009) found that the score of impulse buying in the debt group is significantly higher than the no-debt group but the relationship between impulsive buying and credit card indebtedness is not significant. In addition, Boddington and Kemp (1999) found that there were no significant relationships between the impulsive buying scale and concern over debt or total debt outstanding. But there was a significant correlation between scores on the attitude to debt scale and impulsive buying. Those who were accepting of debt were more likely to buy impulsively. Since the influence of impulsivity on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about impulsivity is developed as following: H13: There is a significant effect on impulsivity towards debt taking of people.

The Characteristics of Diptera

Insects of the order Diptera, the true flies, are a large and diverse group that includes midges, no-see-ums, gnats, mosquitoes, and all manner of flies. Diptera literally means two wings, the unifying characteristic of this group. Description As the name, Diptera indicates, most true flies have just one pair of functional wings. A pair of modified wings called halteres replace the hindwings. The halteres connect to a nerve-filled socket and work much like a gyroscope to keep the fly on the course and stabilize its flight. Most Dipterans use sponging mouthparts to lap juices from fruits, nectar, or fluids exuded from animals. If youve ever encountered a horse or deer fly, you probably know that other flies have piercing, biting mouthparts to feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. Flies have large compound eyes. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis. The larvae lack legs and look like small grubs. Fly larvae are called maggots. Most insect taxonomists divide the order Diptera into two suborders: Nematocera, flies with long antennae like mosquitoes, and Brachycera, flies with short antennae like house flies. Habitat and Distribution True flies live in abundance worldwide, though their larvae generally require a moist environment of some kind. Scientists describe over 120,000 species in this order. Major Families in the Order Culicidae - mosquitoesTipulidae – crane fliesSimuliidae – black fliesMuscidae – house fliesCecidomyiidae – gall midgesCalliphoridae – blowfliesDrosophilidae – pomace flies Dipterans of Interest Mormotomyia hirsute is only known to live in a large crack at the top of Kenyas Ukazzi Hill. Its larvae feed on bat dung.Humans share over 20 percent of our DNA with Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly commonly used to teach genetics in high school science labs.Flower flies in the family Syrphidae mimic ants, bees, and wasps; despite their convincing costumes, flies cannot sting.Blowfly larvae feeding on dead bodies can help forensic scientists determine the time of the death of the victim. Sources Diptera, Dr. Jon Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology.  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Gordons Fly Page (Diptera).  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman

The Role Of Leisure Development For A Person During All...

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Invention Exhibit Each Area - 732 Words

In the Places of Invention exhibit each area was sectioned based upon time, color, and geographic location. The visitor took a colorful journey through time across the United States. The materials used for the exhibit includes plexiglass, sintra, plywood, glass, metal, quartz like material, and plastic kickboards. The pexiglass was placed over laminated pieces of sintra or plywood to create the signs. The signage and wall text was mostly white with boarders of the section’s theme color and the texts in black. Many of the signs and wall pieces had objects (gears, headphone, and cystoscopes) printed into paper behind the pexiglass. The base of the case hold the artifacts were metal and the covering for the cases was made of glass. The Hartford section used dark orange, brownish orange, and lighter orange. The additional color used for signage and wall text where white with black text which made it easier for the guest to read in the low lighting. The color orange is associated w ith creativity, change and determination. This goes well with the tone of the Hartford section because it discusses the 1800s in a factory town where the boom of the industrial revolution was taking place, a time of intense creativity and change. In the Medical Alley section the design team used red. This section discussed medical invention of pacemakers and how open heart surgery was revolutionized. I feel red was very fitting because it made the section feel intense. In this section the redShow MoreRelatedThe Era Of The Oldest Recorded Dynasty Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesbeautiful painting and machines. Some of the most renown inventions are known as the â€Å"Four Great Inventions of Ancient China†, which includes Printing, Papermaking, Gunpowder and the Compass. â€Å"The four great inventions of ancient China-are significant contributions of the Chinese nation to world civilization.†, (FMPRC.GOV. Four Great Inventions of Ancient China. 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Smooth Talk Free Essays

â€Å"Smooth Talk† is a film adapted from the short story â€Å"Where are you going? Where have you been?† by the author Joyce Carol Oates. The short story was first published on 1966 while the film was released on 1985. The protagonist â€Å"Connie† in the short story was a fifteen year old young lady who has two sides of herself; one side if for her home and the other is for outside her home or anywhere else aside from home. We will write a custom essay sample on Smooth Talk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Connie’s sister named June is the opposite of her. While June is being praised by her mother which is also different from Connie, Connie on the other hand was a young girl who enjoys the company of her girl friends. Together with her girl friends, they enjoy watching movie or have a walk to shopping plaza. In the short story written by Joyce Carol Oates, Connie’s character was described as a young girl who is concern with the way she looks. Her character was centered in her physical appearances and gestures and not so much of her attitude and feelings. It was evident in the short story when Joyce Oates describes Connie’s â€Å"quick, nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors or checking other people’s faces to make sure her own was all right† (Joyce Carol Oates. 1966). The vulnerability of Connie’s character was very present in the story when Arnold Friend’s enters the picture and forces her to come with her. Arnold Friend is described as a â€Å"suspicious stranger† whom she saw once and suddenly knows almost everything about her and her family. Connie at a very young age was susceptible to Arnold Friend who wanted her to simply go out and have a ride with him. Her character in the short story define a weak young girl who faces a man she doesn’t even know and mocks her up until she get loose of everything on her mind. Joyce Oates was precise about Connie’s vulnerability when she describes how Connie helplessly tries to let go of Arnold Friend but vulnerably ends up with his arms. Indeed, the short story was in fact a manifestation of how powerless Connie was in terms of her handling Arnold Friend’s attitude towards her. Connie could have had done something but with her vulnerability as a young girl she gives up something of herself. On the other hand, â€Å"Smooth Talk† visually presented the short story to film. Connie’s character was evidently showed in the film as a young fifteen year old girl who flirts around with boys and loves to cruise the shopping malls with her friends. Connie’s character was expanded in the film, adding up some new things that were not mentioned in the short story. Nonetheless, Connie’s being vain and flirt was still evidently in the film. Her suspicious stranger was more powerful in the film seducing her with his smooth-talking way. In the film, Arnold Friend’s character involves sexual desire for Connie and his character was full of aggressiveness to seduce Connie. Connie on the other hand, is a young girl who is silly and flirtatious with other guys but come one Sunday morning when she was left alone at home and was confronted with the suspicious stranger, Connie’s vulnerability was evidently showed. Her character as a young girl who has two sides of herself was helplessly alone and afraid, trying to overcome Arnold Friend’s seduces. While she was trying to figure out what to do and how to let loose of the stranger, the smooth-talking man tries to seduce her and consistently tries to win her. Part of the film was entirely focused on the situation on which Connie was confronted by the stranger just like in the short story. Though there were some minimal  changes in the film that wasn’t mentioned in the short story, â€Å"Smooth Talk† by Tom Cole gave justice to Joyce Oates’s â€Å"Where are you? Where have you been?†. Connie’s character in the short story was more innocent than her character in the film. Although it was the same, her character in the film portrayed by Laura Dern was â€Å"lavishly and lovingly textured†. (Joyce Carol Oates. 2007) Basically, the mere fact that a short story is being read while the film was being watched evidently showed that Connie’s character of vulnerability was formulated both in the short story and in the film. It was clearly defined and translated in the sort story how Connie’s weak character gave her the risk of giving herself up for Arnold Friend. While in the film, both Connie and Arnold’s characters were emerged consistently as described in the short story. The vulnerability of Connie in the film is just somewhat the same in the short story. But Connie’s being naà ¯ve of the things that happens around her was clearly specified in the short story. Nevertheless, â€Å"Smooth Talk† and â€Å"Where are you? Where are you going?† is both a masterpiece in there own rights and abilities. The two is not only about the reality of a teenager growing up in a harsh world outside her home but also it imparted to us the idea of some issues that runs inside a family or inside home that most of us take for granted. The adaptation was visually presented well from the short story and just the same, both gave the justice on its own. Connie’s character provides us the imagination of how innocent and free spirited she was as a young girl that in the end lose herself to a man she doesn’t even know but who knows her very well. There lies the mystery or the story by Joyce Carol Oates. Works Cited Oates, Joyce Carol. â€Å"Where are you going? Where have you been?.† Celestial Timepiece A Joyce Carol Oates Home Page. Joyce Carol Oates. 12 July 2007. University of san Francisco. 24 July 2007. http://jco.usfca.edu/works/wgoing/text.html. Brussat, Frederic and Mary Ann. â€Å"Film Review.† Spirituality and Practices Resource for Spiritual Journals. Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat. 2007. 24 July 2007. www.spiritualityandpractice.com.    How to cite Smooth Talk, Essay examples

Geography of India free essay sample

Compares the three major geographic regions by climate, topography, waterways, etc. Also discusses geographical problems the country is faced with, like population density and agriculture. In this paper the 3 major regions of India are analyzed geographically, looking at the weather patterns, topographical regions, agriculture and climate. The impact of geography on the people of India is also looked at, primarily by looking at the geographic problems in the nation They include population density and a heavy dependence on few industries. When studying the land that makes up India, it is important to realize the diversity that abounds in the different regions of the nation. There are three main sections that India can be split into: the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the Peninsula. The Himalayan Mountain range is present in India along the northern border, and especially in the northwest corner of the country. There are numerous peaks of various sizes, but the most notable are Mount Nanda Devi and the Godwin-Austen, which lies in disputed territory. We will write a custom essay sample on Geography of India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is also an area known as the Lesser Himalayas, which serves as a transition area between the mountainous regions of the north and the central plains. The Himalayas are a key component in the weather dynamics of all of Southern Asia, and India especially depends on them. India has 4 major seasons: winter in December until February; summer from March until May; monsoons from the southwest in June until September; and monsoons from the northeast in October and November.

Journal of Neurolinguistics

Question: Explain of the Journal of Neurolinguistics ? Answer: Introducation: The aim of the following discourse is to make a fruitful review of a particular article and provide both positive and negative feedback regarding it. In order to accomplish the distinct purpose, the present paper would first summarize the chief aspects covered by the chosen article, which is The contribution of the frontal lobe to the perception of speech. It is to mention in this purpose that the article belongs to the Journal of Neurolinguistics and is written by the combine effort of Alessandro DAusilio, Luciano Fadiga and Laila Craighero. Prior to provide positive and negative feedback regarding the article, it is essential to summarize the article at first. It has been understood after reading the article that the chief indication of the paper is that the motor system and specifically the frontal lobe holds a significant contribution in building percept regarding speech. It has been identified that in order to establish the purpose of proving the significance of frontal lobe in acquiring various perceptions of speech, the paper has cumulated empirical evidences (D'Ausilio et al., 2012). Following the particular aim of establishing importance of frontal lobe, the considered article has evaluated aspects as speech listening that activates the area of motor system and has elaborated the casual functions of the motor areas regarding speech perception. Most significantly, prior to delve deeply into the above-mentioned premises, it has been identified that in the introductory phase, the chosen article has addressed three m ajor premises, which are relation between Broca and speech production and Broca system and speech perception. Alongside, the article has underlined the significant interaction among the frontal, temporal and parietal areas for procuring and providing chief functions of language ability (D'Ausilio eta l., 2012). After reviewing the chief premises of discussion belonging to the considered article, it is significant to denote that the article has finally implied that motor systems are capable in changing speech discrimination. It has been further concluded by the article that several areas of Frontal Lobe, which are involved in making speech production, mainly influence the premise that concentrates on shaping speech perception (D'Ausilio et al., 2012). Most significantly, it has been understood from the article that the growing evidences, which are experimental indicate that perceptual regions are not capable alone in perceiving the sensory information, which are action related. Thus, the article firmly outlines that in order to acquire information regarding the action related sensory, the contribution of the motor system belonging to the frontal lobe is necessary. Considering the conclusion as well as the fundamental premise of the article, it is to say that the context of the article is relevant as well as potentially informative. It is because the article coherently rejects the fact that there are huge differences between the ways languages are produced and the way they are perceived, which are claimed by the classical models. The claims and evidences cumulated and highlighted by the article are presented with impressive amount of discussion, therefore the authors have successfully engaged the readers into the discussion. On the other hand, it is to say that the points displayed by the article are worth acceptable as per the reason that frontal lobe involves most of the neurons, which are dopamine-sensitive (Ester et al., 2015). It is a known fact that dopamine system potentially selects and controls the sensory perceptions, which come directly from the thalamus (Pribram Luria, 2013). Therefore, it should be contemplated that motor system o f frontal lobe influences the speech perception activities. Most significantly, it is a proven fact that the frontal lobe plays an essential role in controlling memory also (Safavi et al., 2014). Therefore, considering all the above-mentioned scientific facts, it should be regarded that the article contains relevant and acceptable facts. On the contradictory side, it is to say that as per the article has dealt with the contribution of frontal lobe in language perception the article could have given far more evidences of research works, which has been pursued previously upon the distinct premise. It is true that the article has mentioned several experiments and has noted experiences of several patients though they are few. It would have been much more interesting for the readers if in sections, where the authors have discussed about speech listening that activates the area of motor system, they could have enlisted some relevant evidences (Barbey et al., 2013). Most importantly, the article could have extended its discussion on the matter of the potential contribution of frontal lobe to the human memory. Henceforth, from the above discourse it has been understood that the considered article is a relevant piece of information that successfully establish the fact that speech perceptions are influenced by the motor system of frontal lobe. However, according to the above discourse the article could have enlisted more evidences and a brief discussion on the contribution of frontal lobe to human memory. References Barbey, A. K., Koenigs, M., Grafman, J. (2013). Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory.Cortex,49(5), 1195-1205. D'Ausilio, A., Craighero, L., Fadiga, L. (2012). The contribution of the frontal lobe to the perception of speech.Journal of Neurolinguistics,25(5), 328-335. Ester, E. F., Sprague, T. C., Serences, J. T. (2015). Parietal and frontal cortex encode stimulus-specific mnemonic representations during visual working memory.Neuron,87(4), 893-905. Pribram, K. H., Luria, A. R. (Eds.). (2013).Psychophysiology of the frontal lobes. Academic Press. Safavi, S., Kapoor, V., Logothetis, N. K., Panagiotaropoulos, T. I. (2014). Is the frontal lobe involved in conscious perception?.