Public policy decisions and factual information Essay

Open arrangement choices and genuine data - Essay Example The capacity to give a solution(s) to something is an inconceivably significant piece of the more noteworthy procedure to be experienced. By accomplishing a final product, or answer for something, it would lead towards a feeling of trust in convictions which would have started as being inside held and the thought that, with the making of the discussion over the) current topic(s, the last arrangements accomplished, would can possibly have enduring ramifications for some individuals and for a long time to come. The announcement made by the creator, connects to the idea of furnishing singular individuals from people in general with different real snippets of data and afterward thusly, moving to one side to perceive how they won't just condensation the data yet additionally, how they sick plan to use as far as their communications with others and how it would affect their own particular lives. Individuals, ordinarily, generally try to accomplish the endorsement of their own held convictions, through the giving of data to other people. The capacity to spread everything out there and toward the day's end, witness a definitive result of all endeavors made on either side. As the creator himself expresses, this training is at last a central bit of the famous riddle, as far as acknowledgment of inside held idea examples and seeing those exact same contemplations transformed into a reality through certainty based ending up being precise in any capacity. By having realities for anyway a wide range of subjects, it can empower an individual(s), to watch everything around them from an alternate perspective. To move toward either their own and additionally proficient connections, in a way that may vary from where they would have been, had those realities not been presented in any case. In the journey to get somebody in accordance with our very own perspective, the more realities that can be proposed and presented, the better for that, progressively verifiable data, can lead towards a more noteworthy chance of accepting to happen by the review crowd and present stakeholder(s). With rights, those would be the exceptionally things that empower an individual realize what they ought to be permitted to do and to construe, then again, what they essentially ought not be doing simultaneously. A pivotal framework of rights that many know about, would be the United States Bill of Rights. The very archive that all residents of the country, would search out to instruct themselves about the rights stood to them as residents of this country. With regards to the administrative part of rights, through using the case of the Bill of Rights, Stone tends to the connection between the populace and the legislature when he states, ..Rights portray those connections between individuals or among individuals and associations that administration will maintain, (Stone, n.d., p. 262). Stone's decision neatly falls inside the domain of the planned motivation behind creating an away from of rules for everybody to live by and hold fast to.

Characteristics of Orientalism Essay

There are a few contrasts between the Arab and Muslim gatherings. The fact is that Arabs are an ethnic gathering and Muslims are a strict gathering. A Muslim is an individual who rehearses the Islam religion. On the planet, most Muslims are not really Arabs and most Arabs are not really Muslims. â€Å"Orientalism is the shortsighted perspective on the individuals and history of the Orient, with no acknowledgment of progress after some time or the decent variety inside its numerous cultures† (Schaefer, 2006). This term is a distortion of individuals from the East by those in the West. One trademark is generalizing the distinction in strict articulation. Separation and bias are different attributes of orientalism. For instance, the overemphasis of Arab and Muslim ladies wearing face shroud in the media. This is viewed as mistreating ladies yet the history behind it isn't being told. After the 9/11 assaults, the USA Patriot Act, which was passed in October 2001, had explicit arrangements that censured victimization Arab and Muslim Americans. This demonstration was overhauled in light of the fact that it had been blamed for adding to the dread inside the Arab and Muslim people group. Sadly, all strategies were not changed in a positive manner. The U. S. Branch of Justice required all remote brought into the world Muslim men to answer to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. They must be fingerprinted, shot, and met. There are a few things that people can do to advance resilience and decrease preference in their towns and urban areas. One approach to accomplish this is by rewarding everybody similarly. Another approach to decrease preference is by teaching ourselves about a person’s culture. On the off chance that we can increase a comprehension of an individual’s social foundation, we are opening up our psyches to understand that those that we consider â€Å"different† may have comparable perspectives.

Comparisons of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Essay Example for Free

Correlations of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Essay I think the choices of both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were untrustworthy and wrong. To begin with, they were the two dropouts of school. Bill Gates was a drop out of Harvard University and Steve Jobs dropped out of Berkley University. Steve Jobs was embraced where as Bill Gates had his unique family. Steve Jobs was an extremely odd man, without a doubt. He was a hipster in an amazing beginning. He took medications, for example, corrosive. Bill Gates was an exceptionally plain exhausting individual. He wanted to play poker and was an exceptionally wreck less individual in his activities. Steve Jobs didn't build up the first thoughts of Apple; rather, Steve Wazniack was the first innovator of the Apple Computer. Both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs went to MITS needing to try out the Altair, the proprietor of MITS gave both Steve and Bill an Altair unit, Bill needed to convince the proprietor to give him one however in light of the fact that Bill needed a $4,000 marking reward. Bill Gates goes to IBM and offers to permit them a working framework called DOS, little did IBM realize that they didn't have it yet, IBM is eager to purchase a permit tasks. Subsequently, Bill Gates purchases DOS from a Seattle laborer for $50,000; when the specialist hears that he is happy to give him $50,000 dollars, his jaw hits the floor, and he sells it immediately. Steve Jobs is a mammoth snap to his workers. He makes them work 90 hours weeks, shouts, and hollers when they don't achieve a gigantic assignment on a little cutoff time. He made a representative so distraught one time that the worker hopped up and hammered Jobs’ go head to head the divider. Bill entryways then again, is a mindful individual with regards to his representatives, he is reluctant to over work them and gives them heaps of excursion time. The two men are hitched and have youngsters. Steve Jobs’ attempted to deny that he was the dad of his first-conceived little girl Lisa. The Apple Lisa was named so on account of her.

Discover Ambiguities Or Omissions

Find Ambiguities Or Omissions A programmed ticket giving framework sells rail tickets.â Users select their goal, and information a Mastercard and an individual distinguishing proof number.â The rail ticket is given and their Mastercard account accused of its cost.â When the client presses the beginning catch, a menu show of potential goals is initiated alongside a message to the client to choose a destination.â Once a goal has been chosen, clients are mentioned to include their credit card.â Its legitimacy is checked and the client is then mentioned to enter an individual identifier.â When the credit exchange has been approved, the ticket is given. Â Â Â Ambiguities and exclusions include: Can a client purchase a few tickets for a similar goal together or must they be gotten each in turn? Would customers be able to drop a solicitation if a mix-up has been made? By what method should the framework react if an invalid card is input? What occurs if clients attempt to place their card in before choosing a goal (as they would in ATM machines)? Must the client press the beginning catch again on the off chance that they wish to purchase another pass to an alternate goal? Should the framework just sell tickets between the station where the machine is arranged and direct associations or would it be a good idea for it to incorporate every single imaginable goal? What kind of info gadget (touchscreen versus console)? Ticket costs Room on train (expect tickets have times on them) Train flight and appearance times.â Do clients purchase tickets for a particular train? Or then again for any excursion along the route?â (If the last mentioned, at that point no real way to tell if all the seats on a train are sold out, nor would you be able to do situate assignments.) Seat assignments (see above) Print receipt? Change the above portrayal utilizing the organized methodology depicted in the examination content. Resolve the distinguished ambiguities in some proper manner. Capacity Give client a rail ticket, and charge credit record or take money from client and give the client, a rail ticket. Portrayal Determine clients goal, ascertain the charge for the excursion, and charge the client the suitable sum. In the event that charge is finished, print the ticket, in any case, print no ticket, and report mistake to client. Sources of info Destination, Mastercard number and PIN. Yields Tickets, blunder messages Activity Ask the client for their goal, when input, compute the aggregate, and brief to embed a Mastercard, brief client for PIN, brief client that the exchange is occurring, if fruitful print the ticket and come back to begin state, if ineffective, request that client swipe their card again and re-input the PIN. In the event that fruitless once more, brief that the exchange has fizzled, and come back to begin state. Requires Destination, charge card number and PIN Pre-condition None Post-condition None Symptoms Charge to the clients credit account Compose the client necessities definitions. The administrations accommodated the client and the non-useful framework necessities ought to be portrayed. Additionally depiction may utilize common language, outlines or different countries that are justifiable by clients. Item and procedure measures which must followed ought to be indicated The entertainers in the framework are the traveler, the counter representative and the booking framework comprising of structure preparing, reservation, charge calculation, ticket handling, ticket printing, assortment of admission sum and posting as sub-frameworks. The traveler is a latent client entertainer who starts the procedure and gets the ticket(s), an objective of quantifiable worth. The counter representative is a functioning client entertainer, who triggers the framework and has the job of giving the tickets with the obligation of gathering the right charge sum from the traveler, which is a quantifiable esteem. Predesigned and sent ticket reservation framework at the back end is a framework entertainer client to guarantee that ticket preparing is done accurately and unique framework statuses are refreshed on giving of tickets. This on-screen character has a functioning job and obligation at the back end. Compose the framework necessities determinations. Framework Requirement The traveler has an earlier information on the booking and ticketing framework. The traveler shows up at the railroad ticket counter and associates with the counter assistant first through an enquiry and afterward follows the procedure of structure filling, offering, installment and gathering the tickets. Traveler acknowledges the ticket or leaves the counter. Traveler looks for data on passage, train timings and accessibility of tickets. Traveler can have single ticket or different tickets. Excursion starts on a day and will be done with one break in the middle. Traveler is distinguished by name, age, sex and address. Trains are distinguished by name and number. No receipt is given for cash executed. Yield of the framework is ticket(s) with subtleties. The procedure is activated through a structure filled by the traveler enumerating the prerequisites of tickets, train, date, and so forth. A structure is utilized for each train. On the off chance that the excursion requires utilization of different trains, separate structures are utilized for each train. Draw an arrangement outline demonstrating the activities acted in the ticket-giving framework. You may make any sensible suppositions about the framework. Give specific consideration to indicating client blunders. Database Ticket Framework Goal Request Goal Discover Destination Compute Total Charge card Request Charge card No Pin Request Approve Card Pin <<exception>> Invalid Card <<exception>> Inadequate Credit Charge Card Executing Print Ticket Compose a lot of non-utilitarian necessities setting out its normal unwavering quality and its reaction time. The ticket framework will react to client contributions to give tickets and charge accounts in an auspicious way. The framework will keep on working inasmuch as move of ticket paper is in the machine, and a system association is accommodated the goal database and credit exchanges. Endless supply of the goal from the client, the database will be gotten to decide the good ways from the units area, to the ideal goal, and compute the suitable charge. The unit will at that point brief the client to enter their card data, and the unit will confirm that the card is a Mastercard, is legitimate, and has adequate credit to be charged. Upon fruitful confirmation, the unit will print a ticket, and come back to its prepared state, for the following exchange to occur. The unwavering quality this framework depends on the strength of the physical UI, the system association in the region the framework is set, the size of the ticket rolls that the unit can acknowledge, and the instrument for administe ring the tickets. The evaluated time for a total exchange would be around thirty seconds, giving twenty for the client associations, five for approval and check of the clients record, and five for printing and administering the ticket. Build up a lot of utilization cases that could fill in as a reason for understanding the necessities for ticket-giving framework. Quickly depict the necessities approval process. Talk about all the watches that you need to perform to approve the above necessities in ticket-issue framework 1. Client embeds her Visa into the machine. 2. ATM checks the card number. 3. ATM requests the pin-code. 4. Client enters the pin-code. 5. ATM demands database to approve the Visa. 6. The activity choices are introduced to the client. 7. Client decides to print out record data. 8. ATM checks if enough paper is available print cartridge isn't unfilled. 9. ATM sends solicitation to the database. 10. ATM prints out the information and advises client regarding it. 11. Client expels the printout from the machine. 12. Activity alternatives are introduced once more. 13. Client picks a total from the rundown. 14. Client affirms that she needs to get the chose measure of cash. 15. ATM checks the genuinely accessible cash. 16. ATM checks demands clients balance information from the database. 17. ATM demands the database to charge the clients account. 18. ATM restores the clients card. 19. Client gets the card. 20. ATM gives money. 21. Client gets the money. 22. ATM asks the client whether she needs a receipt. Make a semantic information model for the above situation Installment Processing System Ticket Issue System Client Interface System What is the effect if when the client pays money, he is permitted not to have the specific sum? In such case there would be an issue with regards to how the client would be restored his residual sum. In this manner such cases ought to likewise be considered in planning the framework.

4 Step Process free essay sample

Stage 1 aâ‚ ¬ Identify the zone of law This four stage process alludes to liabilities of an operator. The case includes a specialist called Tim Jones who speaks to a mysterious vender of chocolate items. Tim orchestrates an agreement with ABC Foods Pty Ltd for the flexibly of chocolates to the different shops of ABC. Tim neglects to inform his rule of the agreement thus the flexibly of chocolates is never created. ABC is attempting to sue Tim for non-execution under the particulars of the agreement. This procedure will educate Tim with respect to his position and the choices he may have. Stage 2 aâ‚ ¬ Explain the law John D Maltas (2008, 18) portrays organization from a legitimate perspective as a relationship which exists between two gatherings whereby one (the specialist) is approved by the other (the rule) to do, on his/her sake. The specialist gets an expansion or award of the legally binding forces of the head. The standard would then decide the restrictions of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s authority. Numerous business matters are directed through the instrumentality of an operator. An operator is generally utilized to realize an authoritative connection between the head and an outsider. A Principle will be limited by what the operator does for the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sake given that the specialist has acted inside the extent of his/her power. An organization relationship can be made in one of four different ways. Express understanding, inferred understanding, activity of law and sanction. Express understanding is an agreement, oral or composed which contains the goals of the included gatherings in words. Suggested understanding can be viable in two circumstances; if genuine authority infers it or in the event that it is inferred by means of estoppel. For the situation Australia and New Zealand Bank Ltd v Ateliers de Constructions Electrocutes de Charleroi [1967] 1 AC 86 held that an operator properly named to represent the head in certain professional interactions, had real suggested position to open a financial balance to offer impact to the organizations plans. Estoppel is to cure foul play that would stream in the event that one individual who spoke to something to another had the option to pull back from that portrayal with insusceptibility. Activity of law happens when in circumstances of crisis, assumed position to go about as an operator. Approval is the point at which a rule concurs with an unapproved demonstration done for his/her sake by a specialist. The nature and extent of operators authority is broken into two sections; real position and clear power. Genuine authority can either be communicated verbally and additionally recorded as a hard copy or it very well may be suggested. A case of communicated genuine authority would be the point at which a guideline ives a specialist a particular guidance to go into an agreement to buy a specific real estate parcel at a given cost, or to sell a particular thing under the standards name. Suggested genuine authority as a rule allows a specialist to do all things needed for, and conventionally coincidental to, completing his/her express power. The clear or apparent authority is the authority of the operator as it shows up from an outsider. On the off chance that a specialis t is acting outside of their genuine position the operator will be held obligated to the head. At the point when a specialist unveils the name of the head, the agreement is regarded to be that of the head, and the operator isn't at risk on the agreement with the exception of where: the operator contracts outside the extent of his/her genuine or evident expert wherein case he/she will be obligated for harms for a penetrate of guarantee of power or if the specialist concurs he/she is subject. The specialist is additionally at risk in the event that he/she shrinks by deed in their own name or if the chief is nonexistent. At the point when the specialist signs a bill of trade or composed agreement in his/her name without distinguishing him/her as an operator, at that point he/she will be by and by at risk on the bill of trade or agreement. As expressed in John D Maltas (2008, 45) the general principle is that where an operator uncovers the way that a chief exists however the name of the chief has not been unveiled, the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk is equivalent to where the name has been revealed. On the off chance that the outsider agreements knowing there is a chief yet doesn't find out the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name, the outsider can't sue the specialist. As it were the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation is the equivalent given he/she contracts as an operator whether the principals name is revealed or not. Where a specialist contracts in his/her name without unveiling the presence of an organization contract, the operator turns out to be actually at risk on the agreement. A specialist is under an obligation not to surpass the extent of his/her position. Insofar as this isn't done an operator won't be by and by obligated to people with whom he/she bargains. Where the operator either explicitly or impliedly speaks to that he/she has position to go into a specific exchange and an outsider depends upon such portrayal, the specialist is taken to have justified that such portrayal is valid. On account of such a guarantee being false, the operator is subject in harms for break of guarantee. Anyway a chief is obligated for the convoluted demonstrations of his/her specialist where these have been submitted inside the extent of the genuine or evident authority under the office. A chief won't be obligated for n agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s misrepresentation where the operator was not approved to do the demonstration or where the demonstration was not inside the class of acts that a specialist was normally approved to do. So as to get away from obligation the chief must show that he/she didn't do anything to speak to that the specialist had power to do the demonstration. The general situation concerning risk to the chief is that a specialist is a go-betw een who is utilized to arrange a transaction(s) for the benefit of a head with another gathering so as to influence a contact between them. By and large the operator brings about no obligation against the head concerning the agreement. Where a specialist, be that as it may, resists the guidelines of the head, such an operator will be subject for any misfortunes endured by the head because of break of the organization understanding. There are a couple of essential factors where the specialist must obey to forestall acting outside of the organization understanding. These variables are; to adhere to the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guidelines, to act in compliance with common decency, to make complete honesty of any close to home enthusiasm, to not make a mystery benefit and to practice sensible ability and care. On the off chance that any of these obligations of a specialist is broken, the operator will probably get at risk for harms caused. When adhering to the principals guidelines, each specialist must act face to face and separated from the express or inferred authority of the head, an operator has no power to assign his/her obligations as an operator to another. This is to guarantee that the chief may depend upon the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expertise or information to be utilized for his/her sake. An operator should likewise act in compliance with common decency, which implies the specialist has an obligation to make a complete honesty of any close to home intrigue and not make a mystery benefit in any organization bargains. The specialist and chief offer a trustee relationship and there are commitments of trust and certainty which forces on an individual in conditions where that individual, the guardian, will undoubtedly represent the advantage of another, the head. The operator is under an obligation in all cases to act in light of a legitimate concern for the head and should not permit his/her own advantages to struggle with those of the head. A specialist must make total honesty all the material conditions of what he/she knows about, which may impact the essential when entering in to any material arrangement. A specialist who is utilized for compensation is ventured to have and will undoubtedly exercise such expertise, care and steadiness in the presentation of the endeavor in the interest of the head. Where an individual requests that a protection operator get protection and the specialist consents to do as such, the operator expect an obligation to practice the sensible level of care and aptitude relating to the protection business. On the off chance that the operator neglects to practice the imperative consideration and aptitude in completing the provisions of the agreement of office, at that point the specialist will be subject to the head for the misfortune supported by the last because of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s penetrate of obligation. Stage 3 aâ‚ ¬ Apply the law In the Tim Jones versus ABC Foods Pty Ltd case, the data gave sets up an organization relationship exists between Tim Jones as specialist for Henry Phillips, a provider of chocolate items. This builds up that Tim has been approved by Henry (the guideline) to do the selling of merchandise, on his sake. Tim got an expansion of the legally binding forces of Henry (the head), in his ability as operator. Apparently Tim Jones was working legally to achieve an authoritative connection between the head (Henry) and an outsider (ABC Foods Pty Ltd). There has not been sufficient data given to build up the specific subtleties of the making of the office relationship, yet plainly tim was working under power of an express or inferred understanding. An express understanding is an agreement, oral or composed which contains the expectations of the included gatherings in words. Suggested real authority typically allows an operator to do all things required for, and customarily coincidental to, doing his/her express power. In the event that an operator is acting outside of their obvious position the specialist might be held obligated. The obvious or apparent authority is the authority of the operator as it appears to an outsider. Tim was working inside the nature and the extent of his genuine and clear power. Henry permitted Tim to be the specialist for the selling of chocolate items. Tim has exhibited that he has acted inside his obvious forces of his office understanding. Tim uncovered the nearness of a mysterious head (Henry) subsequently the agreement is considered to be that of the head, and the operator isn't at risk on the agreement. Be that as it may if Tim is demonstrated to work in a way outside of the

The Double Declining Balance Method of Depreciation

The  Double Declining Balance Method of Depreciation Did you buy a computer or an equipment today? Wonder what if you had to sell it off in a year or two? How much would you get? No matter what you own, it won’t be of the same value tomorrow as it is today.While it’s no secret that depreciation happens, when it comes to taxes, you might be better off selecting one method over the other when it comes to calculating the depreciation value. And that’s what this article will be all  about.Before we start with the whole Double Declining Balance Method  though, let’s look into what depreciation is all about. If you are new to the term,  here is what you need to know;  Depreciation  is the reduction of a fixed asset’s registered cost using specific  methods  until the value of the asset falls extremely  low.When we say ‘fixed assets,’  we mean buildings, office equipment, furniture,  machinery and more. However,  although  the  land  is also an asset, we do not include it in the list because it is an asset that  cannot  be depre ciated. The value of an asset such as land  appreciates  over  time  unless there are other environmental reasons for devaluation.Here is a video that talks about it in detail. TYPES OF DEPRECIATIONTo determine  the value of an asset, you have different  types of depreciation  methods and formulas. Few common  ones are as below:Straight-Line Depreciation Method  â€" This is considered one of the simplest methods of all. In this  method,  you will make  the  simple  allocation of the depreciation  rate  every year during the useful life of an asset. Formula: Annual Depreciation Expense = (Cost of Asset/Remaining Value)/Useful life of the asset.Unit of Production Method  â€" This method is used to depreciate the asset based on the number of hours the asset  is  used, or the total production of units during  its  useful life. You may say  that  the unit of production method calculates the output proficiency of the asset in question, instead of considering the number of years used. Form ula:  Per Unit Depreciation = (Cost of Asset â€" Remaining Value)/Units produced during  its functioning  lifeDouble Declining Method  â€" Double declining method is an accelerated depreciation method.  In this method,  companies take maximum depreciation charges in the initial years of useful life of the asset to lower profits in the income statements, instead of the later years when the asset loses its value. The lowering of profits in the initial years  enables lower income taxes during that time. Formula:  Depreciation = 2 X Straight Line Depreciation % X  Book Value*  (beginning of the accounting period)Sum of the Years’ Digits Depreciation Method  â€" Quite close to the declining balance depreciation method, this method also results in accelerated depreciation during the  useful early  life of an asset. For assets that can produce more in the initial years but slows down in the future,  this method  is more useful  compared to the  straight line  depreciation. Formula:  Depr eciation for the Year = (Cost of Asset â€" Salvage Value) X Factor (every year)*Book Value  â€" An asset’s book value is its worth at a given point in time. It is equal to the asset’s cost basis, minus the accumulated depreciation amount.The formula to evaluate an asset’s book value:  Book  Value = Asset’s cost basis â€" Accumulated depreciationThe benefit and reasons  for  each method  are  different, and using the right one that suits your business depends on the type of asset you have. While the  straight line depreciation method sounds the most convenient to use with streamlined accounting calculations, the declining  balance method provides you a precise accounting of the asset’s value.In a nutshell, depending on the nature of the assets and your company’s choice, you can pick one best-suited  depreciation method.PARTIAL YEAR DEPRECIATIONThe purchase of an asset might not always happen  at  the beginning of the accounting year. Sometimes, you might have to purchase some assets in the middle of a fiscal year as well,  and  this complicates the calculation a bit.However, depending on what accounting methods you apply, depreciation on  these sort of assets  can be treated differently. One of the methods would be partial year depreciation, in which the depreciation is evaluated exactly when the asset is in use and the convention in which the depreciation falls.First,  you will need to determine the asset’s depreciation. Check  if it  was used  for the entire fiscal year. By using the asset’s existing  depreciation schedule, you can determine the depreciation of the asset.Further, to extract the amount of the asset’s monthly depreciation, divide the total anticipated depreciation for the year by 12. Multiply this amount by the  number  of  months of the fiscal that the asset  was owned. The result will  provide you with a total amount of depreciation for  a  partial  year.Note: Each asset you purchase will  be depreciated  differently. You wi ll need to be mindful of which method you are using to depreciate an asset before you start your evaluation.WHY SHOULD BUSINESSES RECORD DEPECIATION?So,  now that we know what depreciation is, and different kinds of methods of determining the value of assets are, here is why businesses should record depreciation.  Understanding  accounting concepts  will help your business do more.As explained above, the purpose of depreciation is to match the revenue generated by an asset for the business,  with the cost of the  fixed asset during  its  useful life. Further, the cost of the asset is moved to the income statement from the  balance sheet during that time.What if we don’t use depreciation in accounting?  In such  circumstances, we will be required to charge whatever assets we buy, immediately after.The drawback of not using depreciation in accounting also leads to  an  overstatement  of assets and net income  in the balance sheet and income statement respectively.  Other repercussio ns are that  the cost  of the fixed asset  isn’t considered  while setting the sales prices, and since the established prices  won’t  be high enough, the cost of the fixed asset may not  be covered  as a result.WHAT IS A DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE METHOD?The double declining balance depreciation method  is used  for accounting the expense of a long-term asset. This method is an enhanced form of depreciation that  is recognized  during the initial few years of the fixed assets’ useful life. Some companies use this method to carry forward the taxes to future years, which is known as double declining balance depreciation.This method also takes the depreciation charges in these initial years and lowers profits on  the  income  statement, instead of considering those later. Reason being, most of the assets loses its value after some time.HOW DOES DOUBLE DECLINING DEPRECIATION WORK?As per the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), public companies record expenses in the same period as  the  revenue  generated from those expenses. For example, if a public company has bought an expensive asset and will be using it for several years, the  entire asset expense is not deducted in the year of  its  purchase. The deduction  is divided  into many years.This  is beneficial for assets that  lose  its value over a period, because though the depreciation expense of the asset might be larger in  its  initial life,  but  it will become smaller later.For  example, let’s assume you buy a machine for $50,000. You’ll expect it to run for  ten  years, and estimate a salvage value of $5,000. Under the  straight-line  depreciation method, your company will deduct $4,500 for  ten  years ($50,000 $5,000/10). With the double declining balance method, the deduction will be 20% of $50,000 ($10,000) in the first year, 20% of $40,000 ($8,000) in the second and so on.HOW TO CALCULATE DEPRECIATION UNDER THE DOUBLE DECLINING METHOD?Being an  entrepreneur  comes with its risks.  To be able to apply the double declining depreciation formula, you are required to know the asset’s useful life and price first.By dividing 100% by the asset’s useful life (in no. years) you get the asset’s  straight-line  depreciation rate. Further, by multiplying that rate by  two,  you’ll get you  double declining depreciation rate. With this  method,  you’ll see that the depreciation will continue until  the asset’s  salvage value.The salvage  value  of an asset is the resale  value  that you can estimate by the end of the asset’s useful life.  To  calculate the  cost of an asset that will depreciate, you can take the cost of the fixed asset and then minus the salvage value.To summarize we may look at the below pointers:During the time of purchase of an asset, you’ll need to determine the original costDetermine the asset’s salvage value (the selling value of the asset once  it’s  useful life is over)Determine the asset’s useful lifeEvaluate the asset’s d epreciation rate (1/useful life)To  find out the depreciation expense,  and then  multiply  the  book value of the period by twice the depreciation rateDeduct this from the beginning value for the ending period valueRepeat these steps to reach the salvage valueFor example: If you have an  asset that values $50,000, you’ll  estimate the salvage value to be around $5,000 in five years, by the time you are ready to sell it. That would mean, you will depreciate $45,000 over these many years. You will sell the asset for $5,000, and remove the asset from your accounting reports.Here are two formulas to calculate straight line and double declining depreciation rates:Straight line depreciation rate = depreciation expense/depreciable baseDouble declining depreciation rate = straight line depreciation rate X 2WHY WOULD A COMPANY USE DOUBLE-DECLINING DEPRECIATION ON ITS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS?You need to take a look at the  economics basics  to understand and answer the question.  Using double declining balance depreciation on the financial statements allows a  constant  blend of both depreciation expense and maintenance and  repairs expense, during the asset’s useful life.During the useful life of an asset, the repairs and maintenance expense  is  generally low therefore the depreciation expense is high. As time passes, the repairs and maintenance expense will rise, leading to lowered depreciation expense.In such  cases,  the company  reports  lower net income during the useful life of the asset, which is pretty early and is mostly not deemed acceptable.ADJUSTING DEPRECIATION CHARGES ON BALANCE SHEET, INCOME STATEMENT AND CASH FLOW STATEMENTTo understand how to adjust the depreciation charges on your balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement, let us take an example of a machine that you purchased for a vital purpose in your company:If the cost of the machine is $50,000; the cash and equivalents will be reduced to that amount and will  be moved  to proper ty, plant and equipment section in the balance sheet.  Right then, an outflow of the $50,000 will be visible in the cash flow statement as well.Now, $12,500 is going to  be charged  to the income statement as depreciation expense for the first year, $10,000 in the second and this will continue for 3 4 years more. Though you’ll have already paid for the machinery in full during the time of purchase, however, the expense will be distributed over  time.With every passing year, the depreciation expense will be added to property, plant and equipment section, to reduce any  value  of the asset (this is also known as accumulated depreciation). As per the above example, after the first year, the accumulated depreciation will be $12,500, $10,000 in the second and so on.Once the machine’s  useful life is over, the carrying value of the asset will be very less. You might as well sell the machine, and whether profit or loss, this salvage value of the machine will be hence recorded in the i ncome statement. The amount received on selling the machine is the cash inflow in the cash flow statement, and this will  be registered  in the cash and equivalent section in the balance sheetRECORDING DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE DEPRECIATION FOR ACCOUNTINGRecording your depreciation every month will keep your financial statements updated. As and when you  register  the depreciation of an asset, the depreciation expense and accumulated depreciation along with  the  net  value of your fixed assets will show in the profit loss statement and your balance sheet respectively. You will be required to record these expenses in a journal entry.To prove that  you own the fixed assets, you’ll need to own enough documentation, like title documentation or contracts, purchase receipts, and others as  proof.  Along with that, to track each asset, you will also need to create a  depreciation schedule.You might need to focus on  this especially if the amount of depreciation you log in the accounting , varies from the one  that  is logged  for tax purpose.What is a Depreciation  Schedule?A depreciation schedule breaks down a firm’s  long-term  asset’s depreciation.  This  is a calculation of the depreciation expense for the assets you purchased and then distributes the cost over the useful life of those  assets.  These schedules are not just for computing the expense but also to track the starting and ending  accumulated depreciation.This  schedule  allows a firm to track its  long-term  assets and analyze the depreciation over time.  You may conclude saying that it’s a description of the assets you purchase, it’s purchase date, cost, it’s useful life and its salvage value.Also, the depreciation schedule provides information on the method of depreciation, the current year’s depreciation,  accumulative depreciation  from the purchase date till today and the net book value of the asset.What is an Accumulated Depreciation?  â€"  Accumulated  depreciation  is  a fixed as set’s total depreciation, that  is charged  to expense from the time it was purchased and  was used. An accumulated depreciation account is a credit balance asset account; which means it will show on the balance sheet as a reduction from the fixed asset’s gross amount.The  accumulated depreciation amount  increases over time, as the depreciation  is charged  against the fixed assets. The actual cost of the asset is the gross cost, whereas the actual cost of the asset minus the accumulated depreciation amount (and any damage) is the asset’s net cost (carrying amount).When the asset is off  its  useful life, and you are planning to sell it, the accumulated depreciation amount is reversed, along with the actual cost of the asset.  This  eliminates all the record of the asset from the balance sheet of your company.ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE METHOD IN ACCOUNTINGWe have constantly  reiterated on double declining balance  method  and also compared it to the  str aight line  depreciation method. So, below are  a  few  points,  to  sum up why it’s advantageous to use the double declining balance method in accounting.Double Declining Balance  â€" This method uses the depreciation rate to double the  straight line  depreciation rate. Let us give you an example  of  that. If the  straight  line  depreciation rate for a 5years asset is 10% each year, using the double declining balance method, the depreciation rate  is doubled  to 20%. Further, the distributed depreciation expense  is extracted  by using the depreciation rate to multiply the depreciation base.Matching Asset Value  â€" When you purchase an asset, you can rest assured that the asset will provide you with optimal usability, at least during the initial years.  For example, any technically sophisticated device may go outdated as and when  new products launch. The device  might not support the latest requirement,  and  this could happen within  a  few  years.  Since the device was  la test during the time of purchase, it  will provide  you  with  optimal usage in the initial years.Depreciation expense is meant to be a fixed asset’s cost  distribution  so that the actual benefit of the asset’s usage  is reflected  in  the same period.Maximizing Tax Deduction  â€"  As we keep mentioning,  the initial years of an asset’s usage adds more value to a  company  and generates  better profits and revenue compared to later years.  When this depreciation expense  is evenly distributed,  it might not help a company when  it  is used  for tax deduction.  In that case, companies need to apply the double declining balance method that gives higher depreciation expenses distributed in the initial years, to balance higher profits and revenues during the same period.Balancing Maintenance Costs  â€" The value of every asset drops with passing years and will require plenty of quality maintenance to keep it up-and-running for a long time. These costs may  be deducted  from the c ompany’s profits. In  these type of scenarios,  companies opt to distribute minimal depreciation expenses for the later years, to avoid adding more cost deductions to reduce profits.The double declining balance method distributes these depreciation expenses in  a  declining  method for the later years to balance the increased maintenance expenses,  with  the  least  depreciation expenses in the same period.Although  double  declining balance  isn’t  used  for tax purposes, a lot of companies apply this method for their internal accounting. Depreciation helps your accounts if you are planning on purchasing expensive assets.This  method  represents the value of electronics and cars precisely compared to other methods.  It’s because  vehicles, devices, furniture and  some  other types of  machinery  lose  value pretty quickly.DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE METHOD IN ACCOUNTINGNow that we learned about the advantages, below are  a  few  disadvantages as well t o consider before we move further. The double declining balance  method  also has few drawbacks over the straight-line depreciation method:Compared to the simple  straight line  depreciation method,  the  double  declining balance method is a little complicated.Since  the  majority  of your company’s assets will last more and will be used constantly during their useful life, depreciating the value at  an  accelerated  rate isn’t sensible. Also, it might not show the use of the assets precisely.Your company will not be as profitable later as in the early years. Therefore, it won’t be easy to gauge the  operating  profit of the company.ASSET ASSUMPTIONWhen we talk about  the term ‘depreciation,’  its  understood that it is a method that reduces a fixed asset’s registered cost until the value of the asset falls extremely low. If you purchased  a truck for delivery of your goods from one place to another,  look at how you will be using the truck to sell the goods.You can  as sume  the expense to charge  on  both the truck’s worth by the end of  its  useful life and its lifetime. These assumptions will affect the book value of the asset as well as the net income, and will also influence the earning of the asset after selling (if you would), for profit or loss compared to the  book  value.

The Significance of Courting Anne in Richard III - Literature Essay Samples

In Richard III, a morality play by William Shakespeare, the â€Å"undefeatable† characteristic of the vice excites the audience by allowing the main character to accomplish seemingly impossible tasks and get away with them. The action of Richard wooing Anne launches the plot into a chain of extraordinarily doubtful events, while skyrocketing Richard’s confidence, which shapes his character and emotions. Both of these things drive the play forward and capture the audience.In the scenes preceding the given passage, Richard revealed his quest for the crown, and declared he would stop at nothing to obtain it. He already imprisoned his brother, and declared his wish to maliciously legitimize his connection to the throne by courting the widowed princess. At a time before the scope of the play, Richard arranged the murders of both Anne’s husband, Edward, and Edward’s father Henry VI. Understandably, Anne feels resentment toward Richard for killing these men. As s he enters the scene with the coffin of Henry VI, she curses Richard for their murders, and prays that any child he ever has will be sick, and that any women he ever marries will be as unhappy as she is—this is ironic considering the turn of events that immediately follows.After Anne curses Richard, he begs for her forgiveness, and upon her refusal, he denies killing the men in the first place. He then presents his sword to her, telling her that if she will not forgive him, he does not want to live at all. As she is about to stab him, he expresses that he killed Edward and Henry out of his love for her—â€Å"’twas thy beauty that provoked [him].† (I.ii.180). Anne’s tone completely relaxes, and she miraculously agrees to marry Richard, as he places the ring on her finger.In Richard’s soliloquy following the proposal, he exclaims his amazement that he was able to woo Lady Anne despite the circumstances. He wonders who else would be able to do s uch a thing, and ridicules the fact that he was able to do this while the corpse of the body he murdered was right in front of her. He boasts that he was able to accomplish this with nothing on his side â€Å"but the plain devil and dissembling looks† (I.ii.244). Richard questions if Anne already forgot about her wonderful husband, and pats himself on the back for being able to compete with Edward’s regality. He begins to think he has been wrong about himself all along; there must be something great about him for Anne to feel this way. This dramatic change in Richard’s self-image is critical to his confidence, which drives his character for the rest of the play.Richard’s charming of Anne begins the sequence of inconceivable events, which brings the plot forward by captivating the audience with disbelief. Richard justifies Hastings’ murder to the Lord Mayor by convincing him that Hastings was plotting to kill him all along, and then the Mayor praise s Richard’s execution of Hastings to the public. Richard maliciously murdered Hastings, and somehow still ended up with everyone on his side. Later, Richard is able to essentially make the Lord Mayor beg him to be king, so the public thinks that Richard did not force himself upon the throne (even though this is exactly what he is doing). Toward the end of the play, he announces his plans to marry his niece and kill Anne, his wife who he wooed just scenes earlier. Both of these things cause the audience dissonance between their intrigue and morality, and keep the plot moving unexpectedly. The passage in question denotes a key change in Richard’s confidence, which shapes his character for the rest of the play, and arguably causes his downfall. From his dramatic self-pitying opening soliloquy, the audience becomes very emotionally invested in Richard’s inferiority complex. Because he puts himself down so much at the beginning, this turn of events takes a positive t oll on his confidence, and causes a drastic change in Richard’s feelings toward himself during the rest of the play.However, after he completes his conquest of Anne, he becomes overconfident regarding his abilities to gain power and control. Richard’s thought that Anne sees him comparable to the great Prince Edward boosts his ego—he realizes that he might have some redeemable qualities after all. â€Å"I do mistake my person all this while!/ Upon my life, she finds, although I cannot,/ Myself to be a marv’lous proper man.† (I.ii.259-261)This turn in Richard’s self-assurance enables him to do all the crazy things he does to obtain the throne, but leads to his downfall later in the play. His view of how others see him becomes arrogantly skewed. He thinks he has taken control of his allies by giving them viable reasons to stay loyal to him (such as promising Buckingham the position of earl of Hereford should he become King), but he misunderstan ds how loyal they actually are to him, and does not realize they obey him out of fear. Blunt the Nobleman says, â€Å"He hath no friends but who are friends for fear./ Which in his dearest need will fly from him.† (V.ii.20-21). Richard is completely assured that he will win the final battle because Richmond only has one-third as many men as he does, but clearly this ends up not being the case. The scene where Richard courts Anne is vital to the play’s grasp on the audience, both through the plot and main character. This scene hooks the audience by launching the plot full of unimaginable events, as well as shaping Richard’s confidence, causing his abuse of power and leading to his downfall. Shakespeare strategically wrote this scene to create intrigue and emotional investment in the viewer, which helped it become a classic.

The Debt Situation Amongst Of Malaysian - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4556 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Debt is an increasing social problem in most of the countries today, included those developed countries, for instance, United States. According to the statistics from the Federal Reserve, it indicates that the total amount of consumer credit outstanding in the United States in December 2010 is approximately $2.4 trillion. In other words, every man, woman, and child that lives here in the United States has to bear nearly a $7,800 debt since 2010 Census recorded that the residential population of the United States was 308,745,538 on April 1, 2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Debt Situation Amongst Of Malaysian" essay for you Create order In addition, the Federal Reserveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statistics also indicates that the household debt service ratio (DSR) of the United States is at 11.9%, which means that each consumer has to spend approximately 12% of their disposable personal income to make payment on outstanding mortgage and consumer debt. In Malaysia, the latest household debt level is RM 577 billion and stands at 74.5 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP). Bank Negara Malaysia Governor, Tan Sri Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In our assessment at this point, the borrowing by households has been on a prudential level but we dont want to wait till we do have problems.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Business Times 2011, 20 January). A specially designed financial capability program POWER (Pengurusan Wang Ringgit Anda) has been launched which targeted the young individuals and new borrowers in order to aid them to manage their finance effectively. Cosma and Pattarin (2010) have expressed that consumer debt is those debts arisen when the creditor does not fulfill the assumed obligations, this without his or the creditor will. US Legal (2011) also defines consumer credit as debt incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose. In fact, there is a distinction between consumer debt and consumer credit. Consumer credit is defined in the different countries as credit obtained to finance any purchase other than property (Gurdia, 2002). Consumer credit is a broad term comprising all kinds of installment credit as well as non-installment credit except mortgage debt (mostly loans for real estate secured by real estate) (Kamleitner Kirchler, 2007). Therefore, home equity loans which are used for other purposes than real estate, but secured by a lien on a home also fall under the definition of consumer credit. Although there is a clarification between these two terms, the term of consumer debt will be use d synonymous to consumer credit in this article. Yet, consumer debt is also known as household debt. Debt has bring along with a number of social troubles, for example, relationship breakdown, divorcing, filing for bankruptcy, committing suicide due to unable to get out of the spiral debt situation. Besides, there are a lot of people suffering psychological consequences of debt, such as stress, depression, anxiety, mental health problem, high blood pressure and heart attack. Therefore, it is important to get to understand the reason why people get involved in consumer debt. 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Table 1.1: Household Indicators 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Household debt RM 395.5 billions RM 429.5 billions RM 472.1 billions RM 516.6 billions RM 581.3 billions Household debt to GDP ratio 68.8% 66.9% 63.7% 76.0% 75.9% Source: Financial Stability and Payment Systems, Bank Negara Malaysia As the table above shown, the household debt level is increasing each year and there is an upward trend starting from the year of 2006 till 2010. Besides, the household debt to GDP ratio also broke the 70 percent after 2008 and today the ratio is stands 74.5 percent. There is a contradiction between maintaining the health of economy of nation and reducing the level of consumer debt. A nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP is often used as a measurement of the health of its economy. Consumer debt begins to negatively affect the health of the nation when it forces consumers to spend less (Howstuffworks, 2011). There is also the existence of some other contributors that make the consumer debt problem worse, such as democratization of credit, easy accessibility of credit, and governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s encouragement of homeownership. The best example of relaxation of credit constraint is credit card. Before the Asian crisis in 1997, credit cards applicants must earn a minimum annual income of RM24, 000 and are in active employment for three months when application for credit card is submitted. After the Asian crisis in 1997, the Bank Negara Malaysia (central bank of Malaysia) relaxed the income requirement to a minimum of RM18, 000 per annum to helped ease liquidity problems among the consumers (Cheu Loke, 2008) before the new measures on credit card has been released on 18th March 2011 which will be effective on 1st January 2012. Besides, before the new credit card interest structure has been effective on 1st April 2011, credit cardholders only has to make the minimum payment required, which is 5% of total outstanding balance or RM 50 whichever is higher by the payment due date. Late payment charges of a minimum amount of RM5 or 1% total outstanding balance as at statement date, whichever is higher, capped to a maximum of RM50 per account. Moreover, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“buy today, pay later lifestyleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is almost a fact of life. Through credit cards, consumers are now able to gain easy access to credit which previously was not possible (Cheu Loke, 2008). Besides, the advent of telephone and internet-banking, and the availability of credit at the point of purchase have increased the accessibility of consumer credit and the speed with which loans can be obtained (Brown, Garino, Taylor Price, 2004). In addition, according to the 2011 Budget Speech, the government empathizes with the citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need to own affordable houses, particularly the poor and low-income group. Therefore, the government introduced Skim Rumah Pertamaku through Cagamas Berhad by providing a 100 percent loan which gets rid of the 10 percent down payment for those with household income less than RM3, 000 per month. Yet, the government also gives stamp duty exemption of 50 percent on instruments of transfer on a house price not exceeding RM 350, 000 for those first-time house buyers. In line with the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to promote home ownership, banks, based on their capacity and business strategy, are encouraged or required to offer housing loans, especially to low income borrowers (Endut Toh, 2009). In order to prevent more and more consumers getting into debt trouble, it is essential to be able to determine the factors that contribute to the debt involvement of people. There are many factors have been identified in previous studies in predicting the level of debt and debt behavior, for instance, demographic, psychological, and attitudinal but the effect of the factors on debt forming yield unclear and heterogeneous results. This is due to the reasons of lacking of clearness of measurement, different kinds of debt being focused, and different populations being concerned (Wang, Lu Malhotra, 2011). Furthermore, there is a limited range of nations has been found in the debt-related studies, especially Asian countries which included Malaysia. Thus, more representative samples are needed to examine whether previous result are applicable across various nations and cultures. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES There are several objectives of this study are developed as following: To investigate the debt situation amongst of Malaysian To determine the factors that affect the involvement of people in debt To assist government and financial institutions in reducing and preventing indebtedness of people To improve consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ awareness regard the debt and increase their financial literacy in making financial decision. 1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY The study of factors that influence people holding debts as well as getting themselves involve into the indebtedness situation is important. Through this study, the government might be benefit by understanding the understanding the real debt situation that Malaysian currently facing. It helps the government to formulate proper and quick actions towards the debt and credit problems in order to solve it. In addition, this study also contributes to private sector like the financial institutions. It lets the financial institutions to get to know that loosening their lending criteria and making the credit more easily available to consumers not only would result in indebtedness and bankruptcy amongst the borrowers, but also would cause enormous losses for lenders. Yet, it aids the financial institutions to develop and provide better products and services (loans and credits). Moreover, this study also benefit consumers who already in debt and those going to be in debt. According to Kempson and Whyley (1999b), knowledge of financial products was often remarkably low, and this rendered people especially vulnerable to mis-selling, and deterred them from taking up financial product in the first place. This reflects the current situation that consumers today having. Therefore, via this study, it is important for consumers to equip themselves with financial education and financial literacy skills in order to avoid themselves from making irrational financial decisions. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 OVERVIEW Credit is the privilege of being able to borrow money without having to pay it back immediately. It allows people to spend now and pay later over time (Livestrong.com, 2011). In macroeconomics perspective, consumer debt occurs when credit is used for funding consumption purposes instead of investment purposes. In other words, what has been purchased no longer has long-term financial benefits and indirectly creates outstanding consumer credit which means consumer debt. Based on past research, there are a number of factors have been identified in predicting the debt status of people, for instance, demographic, psychological, and attitudinal variables. It is found that six determinants have a significant impact on consumer debt taking. The determinants are: (1) demographic variables (Adcock, Hirschman Goldstucker, 1977; Lea, Webley Walker, 1995; Watson, 1998; Chien Devaney,2001; Kim Devaney, 2001; Grable Joo, 2004; Lyons, 2004; Jones, 2005; Perry Morris, 2005; Yilmazer Devaney, 2005; Norvilitis, Osberg, Young, Merwin, Roehling Kamaz, 2006; Borden, Lee, Serido Collins, 2008; Robb Sharpe, 2009; Wang, Lu Malhotra, 2011), (2) locus of control (Davies Lea, 1995; Lea et al., 1995; Busseri, Lefcourt Kerton, 1998; Norvilitis, Szablicki Wilson, 2003; Perry Morris, 2005; Mewse et al., 2010), (3) debt attitude (Davies Lea, 1995; Walker, 1996; Watson, 1998; Boddington Kemp, 1999; Chien Devaney, 2001; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Borden et al., 2008 ; Wang et al., 2011), (4) materialism (Walker, 1996; Watson, 1998 2003; Lee and Lee, 2001/2002; Norvilitis et al., 2006), (5) financial knowledge (Grable Joo, 2004; Lyons Scherpf, 2004; Jones, 2005; Perry Morris, 2005; Lyons, Chang and Scherpf, 2006; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Borden et al, 2008; Robb Sharpe, 2009), and (6) Impulsivity (Boddington Kemp, 1999; Norvilitis et al., 2003; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Wang Xiao, 2009; Wang et al., 2011) 2.1 INVOVLEMENT IN DEBT Indebtedness has been defined as the state of being indebted, without regard to ability or inability to pay the debt (Wordnik, 2011). People often get themselves into various forms of consumer debt, such as credit card debt, housing loans, study loans, auto loans and personal loans with different purposes, value of loan, repayment period and interest rates. There were different kinds of debts being focused by researches, which included consumer debt (Lea et al, 1995; Walker, 1996; Lee Lee, 2001/2002; Watson, 2003; Yilmazer Devaney, 2005; Mewse et al., 2010), student debt (Davies Lea, 1995; Watson, 1998; Boddington Kemp, 1999), credit card debt (Adcock et al., 1977; Chien Devaney, 2001; Kim Devaney, 2001; Norvilitis et al., 2003; Jones, 2005; Norvilitis et al., 2006; Robb Sharpe, 2009; Wang Xiao, 2009; Wang et al., 2011). Studies that related indebtedness to the consumer financial behavior (Busseri et al., 1998; Perry Morris, 2005; Borden et al., 2008) and financial risk tolerance (Grable Joo, 2004) were also carried out. 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE 2.2.1 Age There was a negative relationship between age and use of credit card (Adcock et al., 1977) Similarly, Jones (2005) showed age was the only significant predictor of credit or charge card debt and number of credit or charge cards held, with older students having higher levels of debt and more credit or charge card than younger students. These findings were also supported by the researches that conducted by Watson (1998) and Norvilitis et al. (2006) who also reported that age was the significant predictors of debt and indebtedness. In contrary, Grable and Joo (2004) found that age was not significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of age on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about age is developed as following: H1: There is a significant effect on age towards debt taking of people. 2.2.2 Gender Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to be women. Previous study by Lyons (2004) suggested that females had a greater likelihood of being delinquent on their cards as compared with males. Conversely, Robb and Sharpe (2009) showed that there were no significant differences in credit card balance behavior based on gender. Same finding had been found by Norvilitis et al. (2006) and Grable and Joo (2004), gender was not the significant predictors of debt and significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of gender on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about gender is developed as following: H2: There is a significant effect on gender towards debt taking of people. 2.2.3 Education The study of Chien and Devaney (2001) showed the results as that households headed by someone who with more education were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances. This finding was supported by Grable and Joo (2004) who found that there was significantly related to financial risk tolerance and was associated positively with risk tolerance. Since the influence of education on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about education is developed as following: H3: There is a significant effect on education towards debt taking of people. 2.2.4 Marital Status The results gained by Chien and Devaney (2001) suggest that households headed by someone who was married would be more likely to have higher installment loans and outstanding credit card balances. Homogeneous finding has been reached by Yilmazer and Devaney (2005) married individuals were more likely to hold debt than single individuals and Wang et al. (2011) people who were married were used revolving credit more often. There was a significant relationship between marital status and financial risk tolerance (Grable Joo, 2004). In addition, Robb and Sharpe (2009) also reported that although marital status had no significant influence on the likelihood of revolving a credit card balance, married individuals were noted as carrying larger log balances as compared with single individuals. These findings are largely supported by prior studies, as both Lyons (2004) and Jones (2005) noted higher levels of debt among married college students, all else equal. Since the influence of marital status on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about marital status is developed as following: H4: There is a significant effect on marital status towards debt taking of people. 2.2.5 Employment Status Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, reported that debtors were more likely to be employed part-time, to be housewives or to be unemployed rather than employed full time or retired. Similarly, Robb and Sharpe (2009) found that employed students were more likely to revolve a credit card balance, though the level of the log balance they revolved was not significantly different from those who did not work. But heterogeneous result has been found. Employed students were no more likely to report engaging in more effective financial behaviors compared to students who were not employed (Borden et al., 2008) Since the influence of employment status on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about employment status is developed as following: H5: There is a significant effect on employment status towards debt taking of people. 2.2.6 Income There was a positive relationship between income and responsible financial management behavior (Perry Morris, 2005). Yet, Kim and Devaney (2001) also claimed that disposable income was positively related to the amount of debt. Same results happened on the research of Grable and Joo (2004) household were significantly related to financial risk tolerance and were associated positively with risk tolerance. Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to be in low income groups. Similarly, later research by Chien and Devaney (2001) also suggested that households headed by someone who with lower income were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances Since the influence of income on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about income is developed as following: H6: There is a significant effect on income towards debt taking of people. 2.2.7 Household Size People whose children were older than six were used revolving credit more often because they had to support both a young child (Wang et al., 2011). Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, found that debtors were more likely to have more children in their households. The finding was supported by Chien and Devaney (2001). In their study, the results suggested that households headed by someone who with a larger household were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances. Since the influence of household size on debt behavior is consistent, a hypothesis about household size is developed as following: H7: There is a significant effect on household size towards debt taking of people. 2.2.8 Home Ownership Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals, who owed money to a public utility company, reported that debtors were more likely to rent their homes rather than owning them outright. Same finding had been found by Chien and Devaney (2001). In their study, the results suggested that households headed by someone who were renters would be more likely to have higher installment loans. But on the other hand, Grable and Joo (2004) showed home ownership was not significantly related to financial risk tolerance. Since the influence of home ownership on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about home ownership is developed as following: H8: There is a significant effect on home ownership towards debt taking of people. 2.3 LOCUS OF CONTROL According to Cosma and Pattarin (2010), locus of control is related to the perception of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own capacity of controlling the events of life. Internal locus of control identifies the perception of the capacity of controlling events, that is, the belief that situations and results of personal events depend upon decisions and capacities of the individual. Vice-versa, external locus of control concerns the perception that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s events depend upon external factors, often perceived as random and, however, not significantly dependent upon the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions or will. There is an existence of several researches on the impact of locus of control on debt behavior, but the results are not always comes out to be inconsistent. Lea et al. (1995) in a study of individuals who owed money to a public utility company, found that no significant difference between locus of control and attitudes toward debt but Wang et al. (2011) found that locus of control was negatively related to the frequency of revolving credit use. On the other hand, Davies and Lea (1995) also found that locus of control has no significant association between locus of control and levels of debts, but did report that external locus of control was significantly correlated with a tolerant attitude to debt, which in turn was related to debt same as the finding of Mewse et al. (2010) a significant effect of locus of control on attitude. In addition, Norvilitis et al. (2003) reported that locus of control was generally related to attitudes toward money as it was expected at the beginning of the research that the students with more external locus of control will report higher levels of credit card debt. Perry and Morris (2005) also reported a same result as the coefficient on the external locus of control and financial management behavior is significant and negative. Yet, Busseri et al. (1998) also found that the relatively more internal their consumer locus of control scale scores, the more likely were subjects to be planful and purposive in the act of shopping. The more external the consumer locus of control scores, the less likely was subjects to be knowledgeable, thoughtful, and willing to exert themselves when purchasing consumer goods. Since the influence of locus of control on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about locus of control is developed as following: H9: There is a significant effect on locus of control towards debt taking of people. 2.4 DEBT ATTITUDE There is a widespread view that attitudes to debt have changed radically during the Twentieth Century, with a shift from general abhorrence of debt to acceptance of credit as a part of a modern consumer society (Lea et al., 1995). There are several studies had been conducted which pointed out the significant role of financial attitudes in debt holding. These included research of Davies and Lea in 1995 which reported that higher levels of debt in college students were related to greater tolerance of debt. The authors also found that college students accumulate debt because they believe that their current financial situation is temporary. This was because they have greater expectations on their income after graduating and debt will decrease. Similarly, Watson (1998) also reported that attitude toward debt was one of the significant predictors of indebtedness. Besides, Walker (1996) also found that attitude towards credit and debt was significant linked with debt and financial management which is similar to the later study, for instance, Boddington and Kemp (2005) who also indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between attitude to debt and the amount of debt people actually had. Thus, higher debt levels were accompanied by greater tolerance of debt. Same result had also been obtained by other researchers Chien and Devaney (2001) which reported that those with favorable specific attitudes toward credit were more likely to have higher outstanding credit card balances and Borden et al. (2008) which showed that studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with avoidant attitudes toward credit cards were less likely to engage in risky financial behaviors. But not all the authors concur. Norvilitis et al. (2006) found heterogeneous results. In their findings, student tolerance attitude towards debt was not significant predictors of debt. Since the influence of debt attitudes on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about debt attitudes is developed as following: H10: There is a significant effect on debt attitudes towards debt taking of people. 2.5 MATERIALISM Belk (1984) defines materialism as the importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions. At the highest levels of materialism, such possessions assume a central place in a persons life and are believed to provide the greatest sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in life either directly or indirectly. Watson (1998) demonstrated that the spending tendency scores were significantly higher for respondents with high levels of materialism compared to respondents with low levels of materialism. The author also reported the same result in his study later in 2003. The highly materialistic respondents had attitudes which were significantly more favorable toward debt than respondent with low levels of materialism. Although highly materialistic people had larger amounts of debt than people with low levels of materialism, no significant differences were found between the two groups (Watson, 1998). Yet, the author also reported that materialism was not a significant predictor in indebtedness. In the study of 2003, Walker resulted that high levels of materialism have more favorable attitudes toward borrowing money than individuals with low levels of materialism. Besides, he also found that people with high levels of materialism are more likely to exhibit behaviors consistent with positive attit udes toward debt use of installment credit and outstanding debt. Study about materialism was also carried out by Lee and Lee (2001/2002) which demonstrated that consumers approval of the use of credit for luxury purchases is an important indicator of their level of indebtedness. Similar result had been obtained by Walker (1996) in his study which showed that materialism was significant linked with both debt and financial management. Conversely, Norvilitis et al. (2003) found heterogeneous finding materialism was not the significant predictor of debt. Since the influence of materialism on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about materialism is developed as following: H11: There is a significant effect on materialism towards debt taking of people. 2.6 FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE According to Investopedia (2011), financial literacy (is assumed synonymous to the term of financial knowledge in this article) is defined as the possession of knowledge and understanding of financial matters. Financial knowledge can be gained through formal education, seminars, and informal sources such as from parents, friends, and work as well as through negative personal experience. In a series of studies, Lyons and Scherpf (2004) and Lyons, Chang and Scherpf (2006) that advocated financial literacy education which can aid in cultivating consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial knowledge, found that more knowledgeable about personal finance consumers will make more responsible financial behaviors. There are also the other researchers concur Perry and Morris (2005) demonstrated that individuals with higher levels of financial knowledge are more likely to engage in responsible financial management behavior and he coefficient on financial knowledge was significant and positive. Consistent to prior research, Norvilitis (2006) found that lack of financial knowledge was one of the significant predictors of debt. Same finding had been obtained by Grable and Joo (2004) who found that financial knowledge was significantly related to financial risk tolerance. But in the findings of Robb and Sharpe (2009) which investigated student credit card debt found that even students with higher levels of financial knowledge had significantly higher credit card balances. In addition, Jones (2005) demonstrated that there was not a significant relationship between credit knowledge and use of credit among college student. Students who had higher levels of debt or access to credit or charge cards were not significantly more or less knowledgeable about credit. Similarly, Borden et al. (2008) also indicated that financial knowledge was not a significant predictor of either effective financial behaviors or risky financial behaviors. Therefore, it appears that simply having knowledge about effective financial practices may not translate into consistent prudent behaviors. Since the influence of financial knowledge on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about financial knowledge is developed as following: H12: There is a significant effect on financial knowledge towards debt taking of people. 2.7 IMPULSIVITY Impulse buying is an immediate experience, often concurrent with a feeling of excitement and urgency. It compels a consumer to buy a product at that moment instead of cautiously contemplating a purchase. It is different from unplanned buying because it involves an experiential urge to buy. An impulse comes on as a sudden urge that drives a person to a certain behavior, such as buying an item instantly without thought and without delay. Yet, impulse buying also comes from an acute loss of control when shopping (Wang and Xiao, 2009). Norvilitis et al. (2006) found that delay of gratification (supposedly indicating impulse buying) was the significant predictor of debt. Another research that was studied by Wang et al. (2011) found that self-control and deferring gratification were negatively related to the frequency of revolving credit use, but impulsiveness was related to. Besides, impulsiveness was positively related with the frequency of petty installment use while deferring gratification was negatively related to. Impulsivity was generally related to attitudes toward money as it was expected at the beginning of the research that the students with higher levels of impulsivity will report higher levels of credit card debt (Norvilitis et al., 2003). In the contrary, Wang and Xiao (2009) found that the score of impulse buying in the debt group is significantly higher than the no-debt group but the relationship between impulsive buying and credit card indebtedness is not significant. In addition, Boddington and Kemp (1999) found that there were no significant relationships between the impulsive buying scale and concern over debt or total debt outstanding. But there was a significant correlation between scores on the attitude to debt scale and impulsive buying. Those who were accepting of debt were more likely to buy impulsively. Since the influence of impulsivity on debt behavior is still unclear, a hypothesis about impulsivity is developed as following: H13: There is a significant effect on impulsivity towards debt taking of people.

The Characteristics of Diptera

Insects of the order Diptera, the true flies, are a large and diverse group that includes midges, no-see-ums, gnats, mosquitoes, and all manner of flies. Diptera literally means two wings, the unifying characteristic of this group. Description As the name, Diptera indicates, most true flies have just one pair of functional wings. A pair of modified wings called halteres replace the hindwings. The halteres connect to a nerve-filled socket and work much like a gyroscope to keep the fly on the course and stabilize its flight. Most Dipterans use sponging mouthparts to lap juices from fruits, nectar, or fluids exuded from animals. If youve ever encountered a horse or deer fly, you probably know that other flies have piercing, biting mouthparts to feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. Flies have large compound eyes. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis. The larvae lack legs and look like small grubs. Fly larvae are called maggots. Most insect taxonomists divide the order Diptera into two suborders: Nematocera, flies with long antennae like mosquitoes, and Brachycera, flies with short antennae like house flies. Habitat and Distribution True flies live in abundance worldwide, though their larvae generally require a moist environment of some kind. Scientists describe over 120,000 species in this order. Major Families in the Order Culicidae - mosquitoesTipulidae – crane fliesSimuliidae – black fliesMuscidae – house fliesCecidomyiidae – gall midgesCalliphoridae – blowfliesDrosophilidae – pomace flies Dipterans of Interest Mormotomyia hirsute is only known to live in a large crack at the top of Kenyas Ukazzi Hill. Its larvae feed on bat dung.Humans share over 20 percent of our DNA with Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly commonly used to teach genetics in high school science labs.Flower flies in the family Syrphidae mimic ants, bees, and wasps; despite their convincing costumes, flies cannot sting.Blowfly larvae feeding on dead bodies can help forensic scientists determine the time of the death of the victim. Sources Diptera, Dr. Jon Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology.  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Gordons Fly Page (Diptera).  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman

The Role Of Leisure Development For A Person During All...

Critically discuss the role of leisure in human development using one stage in the human lifespan. Intro Leisure plays a vital and important part in the human development of a person during all stages of the human lifespan. The key concepts that help define and form an understanding of leisure include: Experiences, self-expression, personality, commitment, need, identity, and constraint and motivation choices. These factors express that leisure helps an individual to develop their identity and aids in shaping the sort of person they are going to be, when developing, an individual’s leisure adapts. The process of human development reflects predictable age-related changes to the physical, intellectual, social, emotional, and spiritual state of the individual. [1] â€Å"It is systematic and predictable change by which people qualitatively different in some way from what they were before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kleiber et al 2011 p 231). 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Invention Exhibit Each Area - 732 Words

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